考研英语阅读 《经济学人》读译参考 Day1830

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TEXT 1830

科学家终于对口吃有了合理的解释(下)

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That allows Guenther and his team to experimentally manipulate various aspects of the system.And it allows us to test different versions of the story regarding the basal ganglia’s involvement in stuttering by basically impairing different parts of the circuit and observing what happens in terms of speech output and also brain activity.The basal ganglia, structures tucked beneath the brain’s cerebral cortex, play a critical role in initiating a variety of motor activities.They basically monitor our thoughts, sensations and actions and they determine which actions we should perform next.That includes the muscles involved in speech.Good doggie.That’s an example of the speech that comes from Guenther’s computational model when everything is working as it should.But then Guenther fiddles with the equations in the initiation circuit reducing the connections here or boosting the stimulation there.Which produces what sounds like a typical stutter.Guh-g-g-good doggie.That says to Guenther…Stuttering is a problem with the on/off switch.

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这使得冈瑟和他的团队能够实验性地操纵该系统的各个方面。通过破坏电路的不同部分， 观察在语言输出和大脑活动方面发生了什么，允许我们测试关于基底神经节与口吃有关的不同版本的故事。基底神经节，隐藏在大脑皮层下的结构，在启动各种肌动活动中起着关键作用。基底神经节主要监控我们的思想、感觉和行为，并决定我们下一步应该做什么。这包括与语言有关的肌肉。好狗狗。这是一个冈瑟演讲时的例子，讲的是当一切运转正常时的计算模型。但是冈瑟修改了启动电路的方程式，减少了这里的连接或增加了那里的刺激。这听起来就像典型的结巴。好-好-好-好棒的狗狗。这对冈瑟来说…口吃是开启/关闭开关的问题。

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The motors and gears work fine.But the switch doesn’t always turn on when it should or it doesn’t stay on as long as it should.This results in delays in initiating a word or repetitions of the first part of the word.Guh-guh-good doggie.And these are the behaviors that we refer to as stuttering.Having a computer model allows Guenther to test out different hypotheses for why the initiation circuit fails.Whether, for example, it’s an overabundance of activation or a degradation of neuronal signaling.Guenther says he’d like to combine his model with imaging studies that show the basal ganglia in action to see whether his predicted mechanisms play a role in people who stutter.The ultimate goal is to come up with precisely targeted treatments like drugs that tweak the activity of the basal ganglia without inducing serious side effects.Or possibly even implanted electrodes that modulate activity in particular parts of the basal ganglia circuit.Which should make your basal ganglia as good as that…Doggie…For Scientific American’s 60-Second Science, I’m Karen Hopkin.

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马达和齿轮运转良好。但这个开关并不总是在它应该打开的时候打开, 或者它没有在应有的时长内打开。这将导致启动词语延迟，或重复词语的第一部分。好-好-好棒的狗狗。这些行为我们称之为口吃。运用计算机模型，冈瑟就可以对启动电路失败的原因进行不同的假设。例如，是过度激活还是神经元信号的退化。冈瑟表示，他想把他的模型与显示基底神经节活动的成像研究结合起来，看看他所预测的机制是否对口吃者起作用。最终的目标是找到精确的靶向治疗方法，比如可以在不引发严重副作用的情况下调整基底神经节活动的药物。或者甚至植入电极来调节基底神经节回路特定部分的活动。这应该会让你的基底神经节像这样好…狗狗…谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是凯伦·霍普金。返回搜狐，查看更多